tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85507558149876640252024-03-13T06:07:23.002-07:00Ashland Human BiologyMason Posnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00027326710842603888noreply@blogger.comBlogger83125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-69909165607686251472015-06-23T15:23:00.000-07:002015-06-23T15:23:07.666-07:00<div abp="604">
For as long as I can remember obesity has been a problem in my family, especially on my dad's side. My mom, my brothers, and I are all very skinny but my dad is not the same. He along with a couple of my aunts and uncles are overweight and that has led to some problems. My dad has recently been diagnosed with diabetes and that is scary to think about. At 5' 8" and 150 pounds believe it or not I am the biggest of the kids in my family even though I am the youngest by 6 years. My brothers both got my moms genes when it comes to gaining weight and I got my dads. They can eat whatever they want and never gain weight, but as for me I have to watch what I eat. My dad may be overweight now but when he was my age he was skinnier than I am so as I think about my future I do not want to let that happen.</div>
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"Obesity is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat" according to Mayo Clinic. Also, as mentioned by Mayo Clinic, a lot of health problems can stem from obesity one of them being diabetes as I mentioned earlier.</div>
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Let's look at some facts and statistics about obesity. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: more than 2 in 3 adults are considered to be overweight or obese, more than 1 in 3 adults is considered to be obese, more than 1 in 20 adults is considered to be extremely obese, about one third of children and adolescents ages 6-19 are considered to be overweight or obese, and 1 in 6 children or adolescents ages 6-19 is considered to be obese. Just looking at these facts is kind of mind blowing. I feel bad for the kids who are obese because you and I both know that their obesity stemmed from their parents and the kids were basically destined to be overweight. </div>
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After looking at those facts and statistics I would just like to encourage everyone to find some sort of exercise that they like to do. For me, it started with running then I started swimming and eventually got into triathlons. I also just like to play a pick up basketball game and different things like that in order to exercise. I know a lot of people don't like running, but even walking will help. Anything you do exercise wise is better than doing nothing at all and it will help. Along with weight loss you can also reduce your risk of weight related illnesses or diseases and it can also make you feel better and feel better about yourself. There are many benefits to exercising and keeping yourself healthy and I encourage you to go out and find those on your own.</div>
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Sources:</div>
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<a href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/basics/definition/con-20014834">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/basics/definition/con-20014834</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/Pages/overweight-obesity-statistics.aspx">http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/Pages/overweight-obesity-statistics.aspx</a></div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-34946419733872411982015-06-22T06:52:00.004-07:002015-06-22T06:52:42.993-07:00Therapeutic Cloning<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I
decided to post something related to cloning, as I find it interesting part of
medicine even though it comes with a lot of question, morals and ethics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Therapeutic
cloning is the transfer of nuclear material sequestered from a somatic cell
into an enucleated oocyte in the pursuit of getting embryonic cell lines with
the identical genome as the nuclear donor. Therapeutic cloning is a progression
in medicine and biotechnology which offers an understanding of scientific principles
and ethical consequences to be clinically appropriate in medicine. The basis of
therapeutic cloning is in the hope of curing genetic diseases when used in union
with gene therapy. The success of therapeutic cloning will give hope to people
with Parkinson disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and diabetes mellitus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Therapeutic cloning is faced with ethical issues as to the source, annihilation
and moral status but I think it is confused with reproductive cloning.
Therapeutic cloning is for developing embryonic cell lines with the identical
genome as the donor while reproductive cloning is the conception of a person.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Recently, two teams were able to create human embryonic stem cells
from adult patients by means of cloning, with this success, researchers are
getting nearer to supplying patient-specific cures in the clinic. A paper was
published in cell stem cell, a team of researchers developed a procedure for
the generation of human </span><span style="background: white;">embryonic
stem cells (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ESCs) via Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using dermal
fibroblasts from 35 and 75 year old males. The result shows that soon doctors
will be able to provide patient-specific treatments for use in regenerative
medicine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Following their success, another group of scientist made a huge
success as well in developing therapeutic approaches by producing a patient
specific line of stem cells from a woman with type 1 diabetes. The success of producing
cells that produce and secrete insulin demonstrates that it can be used to
develop replacement stem cell therapies for type 1 diabetes. The success by
these researchers was reached by improving the procedures established by
Shoukhrat Mitalipov for somatic cell nuclear transfer. The researchers used
oocytes from health donors, detached the eggs nuclei and nucleus was replaced
from the somatic cell of the matured patients. The result of this procedure was
an embryo, during the blastocyst phase, the researchers were able to develop unwavering
embryonic stem cell lines that are practicable for therapeutic use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Before now, the development of stem cells for therapeutic use was
deemed challenging and impracticable, but these researchers has proved it is
possible which a miracle is. This is a promising discovery but the question
now, there will be a need for continuous source of donors for this to be
practicable, will creating an egg donor center be considered illogical,
unethical or both?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Work cited:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnfarrell/2014/05/16/the-stem-cell-front-broadens-with-the-success-of-therapeutic-cloning/"><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnfarrell/2014/05/16/the-stem-cell-front-broadens-with-the-success-of-therapeutic-cloning/</span></a><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://nyscf.org/research/diseases/diabetes"><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">http://nyscf.org/research/diseases/diabetes</span></a><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(14)00137-4?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1934590914001374%3Fshowall%3Dtrue"><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(14)00137-4?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1934590914001374%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</span></a><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323472/<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-77855340075417760622015-06-21T21:25:00.001-07:002015-06-21T21:25:12.710-07:00Vitamin D and the Sun<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TnWNtjrMF5s/VYeLhnHtNdI/AAAAAAAAADM/L6ss07Fp_0Y/s1600/DDDD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TnWNtjrMF5s/VYeLhnHtNdI/AAAAAAAAADM/L6ss07Fp_0Y/s320/DDDD.jpg" width="320" /></a>As many of you know, summer time means summer tans. What exactly is your body doing when you lay out in the sun for hours though? Research shows that the sun is not only turning your skin to leather, but actually initializing the release of vitamin D3 on the skin. Our bodies naturally need a healthy level of vitamin D in order to maintain strong bones. We normally get this from various foods we eat or supplements. The key to this research is the Sun's contribution to vitamin D in our bodies.<br />
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Many people believe the Sun "creates" vitamin D when it really causes the skin to release it as vitamin D3. This vitamin moves through our bodies to reach the liver where it produces calcitriol. The new molecule is the active form of the vitamin that leads to stronger bones. Without it, we would all suffer from osteoporosis and be brittle. Now this leads us to question how much Sun is enough to release a healthy amount of vitamin D from the skin?<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q9dLJalwaO4/VYeLjGvIPtI/AAAAAAAAADU/u8nA646oIvs/s1600/DDDDD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q9dLJalwaO4/VYeLjGvIPtI/AAAAAAAAADU/u8nA646oIvs/s320/DDDDD.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
According to the article, people are in the Sun for 40-90 minutes out of their normal day. This is about the right amount that humans should get to keep vitamin D at a healthy level. The research shows that tanning in the sun is actually harmful to most people because they are processing too much vitamin D. Artificial ways of tanning like tanning salons are also very harmful to the body. Excess vitamin D leads to kidney stones and the excess UV rays lead to skin cancer. Some people also suffer from vitamin D deficiency. As stated above, this causes brittle bones and eventually osteoporosis. In the end, make sure that your body gets the Sun it needs. You do not want to be some shut-in that only sees the Sun on the way to work. You also do not want to lay in the Sun for hours on end. A healthy level of exposure is required to live a healthy life.<br />
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<a href="http://sciencefriday.com/blogs/06/05/2015/what-role-does-the-sun-play-in-vitamin-d-synthesis.html?series=28">http://sciencefriday.com/blogs/06/05/2015/what-role-does-the-sun-play-in-vitamin-d-synthesis.html?series=28</a><br />
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-24091722054623311022015-06-21T12:48:00.000-07:002015-06-21T12:48:23.277-07:00Convulsions Take ControlConvulsing is becoming more common as it has become a symptom of many other health problems. These convulsions usually relate to a seizure. By definition, a seizure is the physical finding or change in behavior that occurs after an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. A convulsion is the actual uncontrollable shaking of the body where muscles are continuously contacting and relaxing. When a person begins to convulse, they lose total control of the body. The convulsions take control and can cause severe pain when a person awakes from a seizure.<div>
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There are many different types of seizures, with the most common being epilepsy. Epilepsy is diagnosed when there is a pattern of seizures. However, other types of seizures are: Myoclonic, Absence, Clonic, Tonic, Grand Mal, and Atonic seizures. All of these seizures occur in different parts of the brain, and their severity depends on the amount of electrical activity and where it occurs. </div>
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What causes this excess electrical brain activity? There are many causes, some still unknown. Some include: Head injury, Drug abuse, heat related illness, tumors, poisoning, brain injuries that occur before birth or during birth. Though these are not all of the causes, they are a great portion.</div>
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There is one type and cause of seizures that is usually not classified when researching. This is called a Pseudo Seizure. For those that do not know, the word 'pseudo', means fake. However, there is nothing fake about these convulsions that take over the body. The cause of this seizure is a traumatic event. This is definitely broad, and the word traumatic can mean something different for everybody. Many people with anxiety, depression, and high stress levels are classified as suffering through a traumatic event. For the most part, people with pseudo seizures have been medically diagnosed with PTSD, or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Unfortunately, these seizures are becoming more and more common as the convulsing is a way for the body to relieve some of the stress it is carrying. </div>
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One last thing that I would like to point out is that not all seizures are shown through convulsing. There are seizures in which a person may stare off into a distance, pass out or struggle breathing. These can all be forms of seizures and will only be classified as one when an EEG shows there is abnormal brain activity. </div>
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If a person is having a seizure, and you are around, it is important to remain calm and activate EMS unless otherwise told. Some people have a specific action plan for their seizures, so be willing to listen to those that are also present with the person. Always block a persons head from any hard objects. This can be done by laying a persons head on your thigh while they convulse - preventing possible brain damage. Stay with the person and remember to follow all directions given by the operator from the emergency medical services.</div>
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References:</div>
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm</div>
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http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3285</div>
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http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/epilepsy/seizures/types/generalized-seizures.html</div>
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http://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/10-first-aid-steps-when-someone-has-convulsive-seizure#.VYcSUt6gfzI</div>
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http://www.akrongeneral.org</div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-41558510236054551672015-06-21T10:58:00.000-07:002015-06-21T11:06:49.775-07:00Life is Precious! I would like to speak of a rare, inherited genetic disease that claimed the short lives of my two beautiful nieces, it is called <a href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/tay-sachs-disease">Tay-Sachs</a> disease. Tay-Sachs disease affects the central nervous system and is caused by not having enough or any of the enzyme called hexosaminidase A (HEX A). Within the lymosomes of our cells we are supposed to have HEX A. These special girls lacked that. HEX A is a protein that is necessary for breaking down GM2 gangliosides in nerve cells. Without HEX A they couldn't break down fatty substances in cells causing these fatty substances to build up and become toxic, slowly destroying brain cells until their nervous system stopped working.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mRadR9FSb8s/VYbyIEUp2XI/AAAAAAAAAAM/Orh-kJa5kls/s1600/Tay-Sachs%2Bgirls.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mRadR9FSb8s/VYbyIEUp2XI/AAAAAAAAAAM/Orh-kJa5kls/s200/Tay-Sachs%2Bgirls.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">Carlie (3/4/99-4/9/04)</span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
My oldest niece was born what appeared to be a normal healthy little girl. At about 10 months old she started to experience what seemed to be a lazy eye and was taken to the optometrist. The optometrist found an abnormality called a cherry-red spot inside her eye. Cherry -red spots is a characteristic for <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024672/">Tay-Sachs</a> disease. Carlie was diagnosed at 10 months old. After months of genetic testing they found that her mother and father were both carriers of the mutated gene. 1 in 300 people are carriers and 1 in 320,000 newborns are diagnosed in the United States. As Carlie got older her nerve cells became larger from the pressure of the fatty substances and mental and physical abilities became limited. At one point she was able to sit, crawl, and play like any other healthy child. Soon after her muscles began to stiffen, she was unable to swallow, her eyes drifted, she was startled easily, and she began to have seizures. Eventually as time went on she had no control over her body and became paralized. She had to have a feeding tube so she was able to get the proper nutrients and medicines she needed. Sadly heaven gained this beautiful angel at the young age of 5. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3kg6b8Jv23o/VYb5gLRZkHI/AAAAAAAAAAk/cOK5UgxoqNY/s1600/Tay_Sachs_Retina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="163" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3kg6b8Jv23o/VYb5gLRZkHI/AAAAAAAAAAk/cOK5UgxoqNY/s200/Tay_Sachs_Retina.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A0LEVvD4.IZVlX0AoB8nnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTByMjB0aG5zBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--?p=Tah-Sachs+Disease+pictures&back=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fyhs%2Fsearch%3Fp%3DTah-Sachs%2BDisease%2Bpictures%26ei%3DUTF-8%26hsimp%3Dyhs-001%26hspart%3Dmozilla&no=1&fr=%26fr%3Dyhs-mozilla-001&h=118&w=144&imgurl=www.wikidoc.org%2Fimages%2F5%2F58%2FTay_Sachs_Retina.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidoc.org%2Findex.php%2FTay-Sachs_disease&size=25KB&name=Tay-Sachs+Disease%3A+Retina%3B+Cherry+Red+Spot&tt=Tay-Sachs+Disease%3A+Retina%3B+Cherry+Red+Spot&sigr=11iotreoj&sigi=11ga9r36j&sigb=136s2n7vk&sign=11av66ldk&sigt=11av66ldk&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-001"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;">Cherry-red retina</span></span></a></td></tr>
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<b> <span style="color: red;"> <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><u> <span style="font-size: large;">Symptoms</span></u></span></span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Deafness</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Decreased eye contact</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Blindness</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Decreased muscle tone (loss of muscle strength)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Delayed mental & social skills</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Dementia</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Increased startle reaction</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Irritability</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Loss of motor skills</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Paralysis or loss of muscle function</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Seizures</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Slow growth</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> After suffering the loss of this beautiful angel, her parents were told when they went through the genetic testing that their chance of having another child with Tay-Sachs would be 25%. They decided to try again and she became pregnant. After conception about 5 weeks into the pregnancy testing began. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) were the names of the tests to be performed and this had to be repeated again at 13 weeks. Both times the test results</span> </span>came back inconclusive. On October 8, 2006 they gave birth to yet another beautiful little girl, Jasmine. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BjT66Mbxvpc/VYb1dBel4AI/AAAAAAAAAAY/X6kg38XM9F4/s1600/jas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BjT66Mbxvpc/VYb1dBel4AI/AAAAAAAAAAY/X6kg38XM9F4/s200/jas.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="background-color: white;">Jasmine (10/8/06-7/3/10)</span></span></span> </td></tr>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span> </span>At one day old blood was drawn and results indicated she too had the rare genetic disease, Tay-Sachs. Although her life was shorter than her sisters, she experienced the same exact symptoms as Carlie. She went to join her sister at just 3 1/2 years old. <br />
The<a href="http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/tay-sachs-and-sandhoff-diseases.aspx"> March of Dimes</a> is a great organization for researching genetic diseases and offering support any way they can to families that suffer a loss or are pregnant. Please consider donating to the cause. <br />
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References<br />
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<a href="http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/tay-sachs-and-sandhoff-diseases.aspx">http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/tay-sachs-and-sandhoff-diseases.aspx</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024672/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024672/</a></div>
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<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-44625209756927960092015-06-20T16:01:00.000-07:002015-06-20T17:17:27.805-07:00Why do poppy seeds show up in drug tests?At this point, I would say basically everyone -- or at least the majority of people -- have been drug tested at some point in their lives. Whether this is was for a high school/college sport or for a job, drug tests are pretty common. Whenever word about an athletic drug test got out at my high school, a running joke among students was that all athletes should stay away from poppy seeds for a while in order to avoid their drug test producing a false negative.<br />
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As a former athlete myself, I was no stranger to the poppy seed joke, but I never fully understood why or how this random thing showed up in a test that was searching for drugs. It turns out that a handful of opiates -- codeine, morphine, and heroin -- are actually produced from the seeds of poppy flowers. All three of these opiates can be (and typically are) abused by some people. Therefore, ingesting poppy seeds can almost immediately lead to traces of opiates in the system, which can then be picked up by drug tests which are administered either in schools or in places of employment.<br />
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Poppy seeds are totally legal to be used in foods in the United States, but consumers should be aware of the repercussions of ingesting this ingredient. People who fall victim to a false negative drug test due to poppy seeds being in their system can opt for a more specific test (usually done on a hair follicle or through a blood sample) to prove that their system is clean of actual drugs.<br />
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http://teens.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/drug-testing-poppy-seeds<br />
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http://www.usada.org/can-poppyseeds-cause-a-positive-drug-test/<br />
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<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-40872515720508039392015-06-19T20:57:00.001-07:002015-06-19T20:57:53.820-07:00<b></b><br />
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<b><b>The Debate of Gene Editing</b></b></h2>
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<b>Gene editing is now becoming one of the most debated and controversial scientific topics of our time. In April of this year, a group of scientists reported in the online journal of <i>Protein and Cell</i> that they had edited the human embryos using a gene editing technique called CRISPR. Gene editing can be done by this CRISPR system and makes it possible for nearly any scientist to edit DNA in nearly any cell. CRISPR includes a gene-shipping enzyme and a guide molecule that is programmed to focus on the unique DNA then will put the enzyme in the cell to cut and correct the gene that mutated or not healthy. Scientists have made steady progress in their ability to edit DNA, but the CRISPR system marks a major advance in this process. This system allows parents to ability to chose anything from their child's gender to what eye color or hair color they would like them to have. Many believe the process to be inhumane, manipulative, and just a way for wealthy or plain right greedy people to "engineer the perfect baby". Many experts say that use of CRISPR on human embryos should be put on hold until several ethical questions can be addressed. Such as, mistakes might occur in the editing process that could result in severe birth defects and other even successful edits could affect other parts of the genome that were meant to be left alone. </b></div>
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<b>On the other hand though, many others believe that this process could be used for the common good of others. Interestingly enough, DNA editing could be a very positive and beneficial factor to our modern society. For example, many believe that gene editing could ultimately lead to producing children that are free of specific genes involved in inherited diseases. By editing the DNA of these specific cells or even the embryo itself, it may be possible to correct disease genes and pass those genetic fixes to future generations. Many researchers have used this system to modify certain genes to help restrain against specific diseases such as HIV, cystic fibrosis, down syndrome, and many more. Many others don't exactly see it that way though. They see it as a technical proposal to alter human heredity and consider it to be manipulative. </b></div>
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<b>So what is the right answer? Unfortunately, so far there is no one correct answer but it will be a debate that will be among us for years to come. In the future, research of genome editing needs to focus on improving the safety of this process. Ultimately, right now, certain opinions do not seem to matter. If scientists figure out to do this in a way that's safe for patients, gene editing could produce tremendously beneficial medical treatments. Regardless, if it is found that the benefits seem to outweigh the risks, it is said that medicine will take this chance. </b></div>
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<b>http://sciencefriday.com/segment/05/01/2015/the-debate-on-gene-editing.html</b></div>
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<b>http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/535661/engineering-the-perfect-baby/</b></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2pp17E4E-O8" width="560"></iframe>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-63239300006542330492015-06-16T10:50:00.001-07:002015-06-21T04:11:14.476-07:00A mutually dependent Relationship: Diabetes & Obesity<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A mutually dependent
Relationship: Diabetes & Obesity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Obesity and Diabetes are pandemics
that are infiltrating into the world population at very alarming rates. Basically,
as per the indication from the Centre of Disease Control, a big portion of the
world population is living with obesity. For instance, statistical figures
reveal that, approximately seven percent of the American population is having
obesity, accounting for close to 59 million Americans something that has become
on the biggest challenge to community vitality. Statistics for the last decade
reveal that;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 200%;">The rate of obesity has increased to 56 percent while diabetes has increased by
5 percent</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 200%;">The
future generation is likely to be immensely affected by diabetes</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Basically, the risk factors for
both diabetes and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/obesity">obesity</a> are linked to age, gender,
history of the family and race. However, it is important to understand that the
modern things we do now contribute immensely to the expansion if the two sicknesses.
The example of life style issues includes little or no physical exercise and
the like of food stuffs that have high fat contents.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaKsb2zV7ShVOF_x-VW_lHpWIiLNxJD89lr00ih42m3lQoZdbR_0E7Cdo2Xhs-ASqIHeNgTtdBEVVhUkF_2sONzyV6u0g9ab-jFG__1HTUFI93rBXQgL8N0i0gMkg1pEUT9qZCF6xCMgA/s1600/JUNK+FOOD2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaKsb2zV7ShVOF_x-VW_lHpWIiLNxJD89lr00ih42m3lQoZdbR_0E7Cdo2Xhs-ASqIHeNgTtdBEVVhUkF_2sONzyV6u0g9ab-jFG__1HTUFI93rBXQgL8N0i0gMkg1pEUT9qZCF6xCMgA/s1600/JUNK+FOOD2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3lSP7YqpXMYOqzG0ladCy2gku1M-E5_DJfi5cBLECnzX0MZeHWt12wFYPopm9KgPfFbUSbAtmdtdCyHsWjEilcxeogf0uT1SVRSCfYSQ1p0oGak-eUic2wHWYm1K3Kb4tzDYvbmo7vAQ/s1600/JUNK+FOOD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3lSP7YqpXMYOqzG0ladCy2gku1M-E5_DJfi5cBLECnzX0MZeHWt12wFYPopm9KgPfFbUSbAtmdtdCyHsWjEilcxeogf0uT1SVRSCfYSQ1p0oGak-eUic2wHWYm1K3Kb4tzDYvbmo7vAQ/s1600/JUNK+FOOD.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US">These foods are
known to cause obesity, but the question remains; do the same foods cause
diabetes?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">What is the connection between diabetes and obesity?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US">As it has always
been the case, is more often than not, most of the patients who are diagnosed
with diabetes as well have obesity. As a result of this observation, we can
comfortably tell that there must be a link between obesity and diabetes. So as
to prevent this disease in future times, it is critical that one should get
informed about the major causative factors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US">When you are fat,
the body becomes very heavy. As a result, much of your weight will be exerted
on the body in many ways. One of the ways can be the inability of the body to
keep blood glucose level at optimal levels. As a matter of fact, a lot of body
mass resists against insulin thus the body does not utilize insulin well.
Basically, the form in which absorbed glucose is reserved is fat. The more
glucose is converted into fat results in addition of body mass, thus obesity.
It is important that, when on insulin intake, one should avoid taking a lot of
foods to prevent diabetes,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.joslin.org/info/why_did_i_gain_weight_when_i_started_taking_insulin.html">http://www.joslin.org/info/why_did_i_gain_weight_when_i_started_taking_insulin.html</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Preventing obesity will prevent diabetes too</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US">By virtue of the
causes diabetes and obesity, it is apparent that observing some basic lifestyle
issues will help reduce or treat the two diseases. These are very steps whose
impacts are far reaching. You need to do some physical exercise very day as
this will help extra fats in the body, eat a balanced diet; that is to mean
that the diets should have too much of fats and in some cases, use vitamin
supplements tailored to diabetic patients.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8550755814987664025" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8550755814987664025" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN-US">In some cases, the
patient could be obese. As such , it is highly recommended that one looses a
bit of their weight which will in turn lower the risks of diabetes. Weight loss
can be difficult but the following components of diet can quicken up the
process; low levels of carbohydrates, high fiber content coupled with a workout
plan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>References</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/6/1424.full"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/6/1424.full</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FAF6E5; color: #00b0f0; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FAF6E5; color: #00b0f0; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.diabeticcareservices.com/diabetes-education/diabetes-and-obesity"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">http://www.diabeticcareservices.com/diabetes-education/diabetes-and-obesity</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.joslin.org/info/why_did_i_gain_weight_when_i_started_taking_insulin.html"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">http://www.joslin.org/info/why_did_i_gain_weight_when_i_started_taking_insulin.html</span></a></span></div>
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Khalid Alamoudihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16381347664990781939noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-6855887428807781912015-06-14T16:52:00.000-07:002015-06-14T16:52:26.664-07:00Research Chimps Now Considered Endangered Species<div class="MsoNormal">
Two days ago on June 12, 2015, the United States government
is now considering chimpanzees used for research as an endangered species through
the Endangered Species Act. This means that researchers cannot use chimps for
medical experiments as freely as they have before. Before this adjustment, “<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The United States is the
only major country that still funds invasive chimpanzee research,” according to
Nature Publishing Group. </span>The only way that chimpanzees can be used now
is if the person has a permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Many
regulations for research using chimp have been made such as “<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">work enhances the
survival of the species and benefits chimps in the wild</span>”, if the chimp
is being used for human purposes it must be crucial to a human disease, the
researcher must somehow support chimpanzee preservation, and follow standard
research protocol such as applying for project approval and undergoing
inspections (AAAS). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">This
change has affected many different people in positive and negative ways. For
animal rights groups and specific chimpanzee groups like the Jane Goodall Institute,
it is a huge success for something they have been working towards for many
years. The director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was quoted at the
press conference announcing this decision</span><span style="background: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, “This decision will help us ensure that the world we pass
along to our children and grandchildren will be filled with chimpanzees. We
believe this action will ensure that activities affecting all chimpanzees will
contribute to the survival of chimpanzees in the wild,” (AAAS). The chimps
being released from laboratories will be sent to available sanctuaries since
there is no possible way of letting them go into the wild. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For laboratories using
chimpanzees for research, this modification will somewhat affect their work. If
they wish to continue using chimps they have to apply for strict permits and be
subject to more inspections, as well as supply some type of funding to protect
wild chimpanzees. An anatomist at Stony Brook University, Susan Larson, was </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">quoted, “This is going
to make it increasingly difficult to get these projects off the ground</span>,”
(AAAS). But Larson is in the minority
because many other institutions who have done chimpanzee research in the past
are okay with this change in chimp status. There is a lot of recent new
technology, such as in vitro testing using cells grown in a petri dish, which
can replace the use of animal testing. If chimp research is absolutely vital to
the development and the betterment of human life then they can apply for a
permit. Many research facilities have actually already gotten rid of animal
testing due to pressure from animal rights groups and popular public opinion.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Although
animal testing has led to many scientific discoveries and advancements for
humanity, we are now at a point in time that scientists can agree that it is
not entirely necessary. This change from research chimpanzees to endangered
animals will not have a large effect on human life and is a positive step for
animal rights. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><img src="http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.27038.1434143313!/image/1.17755.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_630/1.17755.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2015/06/research-chimps-be-listed-endangered">http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2015/06/research-chimps-be-listed-endangered</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/06/nih-retires-most-research-chimpanzees.html">http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/06/nih-retires-most-research-chimpanzees.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/science/chimps-in-medical-research.html?_r=0">http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/science/chimps-in-medical-research.html?_r=0</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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http://animal-testing.procon.org/#pro_con</div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-1741607351893092272015-06-13T16:53:00.001-07:002015-06-18T13:01:26.434-07:00Ricin<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2z35_1e1MtI/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2z35_1e1MtI?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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I recently watched a Youtube video about natural poisons. One of poisons that they talked about was Ricin. I had heard of this poison before in a TV show or movie before so I decided to read more about it. This is what I found.</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Ricin_structure.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Ricin_structure.png" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3199996948242px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">Ricin structure.</span></td></tr>
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Ricin is known as a highly toxic lectin which is naturally occurring. lectins<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.8400001525879px;"> </span>are one of many types of proteins that can bind to a cell's membrane. Ricin is produced by in the seeds of the castor plant. According to the CDC "the LD50 by intravenous injection is about 5 µg/kg, whereas it is 20 mg/kg by intragasteric route.23,24 The ricin aerosol LD50 for NHP is estimated to be 10-15 µg/kg.17 The human lethal dose has not been established rigorously, but may be as low as 1-5 mg of ricin by injection 25 or by the aerosol route" This shows just how little Ricin is needed to kill a human.</div>
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Just some quick backstory on what median lethal dose is means. Median lethal dose its a means to measure how lethal a toxin is. It means that its dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration. LD50 is simply and abbreviation meaning lethal dose 50%. A lower LD50 number means more toxicity. This test was first done in 1927 by J.W. Trevan. The main way to find the LD50 is to simply test the substance on lab rats. The LD50 test can be some what unreliable as the variation is so great between different species' immune system and physiology.</div>
<br />
Ricin has been around for some time. according to Globalsecruity.org "During World War I, the United States explored ricin as a potential offensive biological weapons toxin at the American University Experimental Station. Two methods of weaponizing ricin were explored: bullets and shrapnel coated with ricin toxins or a 'dust cloud' of toxin toxins inhaled into the lungs." Recently some terrorist groups have experimented with using ricin as a weapon and caused several incidents of the poisons being mailed to U.S. politicians. For example, A letter containing ricin was allegedly sent to American President Barack Obama at the same time.<br />
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<br /></div>
Ricin is extremely toxic if inhaled, injected, or ingested. It kills by slowing or stopping protein synthesis. This means that ricin prevents cells from assembling amino acids into proteins. A Cornell university resource goes much more in-depth about this. According to the Cornell university college of agriculture and life sciences "Ricin inhibits protein sythesis by specifically and irreversibly inactivating eukaryotic ribosomes." It goes on to say "These "ribosome-inactivating proteins" (RIPs) are typically N-glycosylated, 30 kDa monomers (Type 1 RIPs). However, in order to bind to the cell surface galactosides and enter the cytosol to reach ribosomes, they require a second monomer, a galactose-binding, 30 kDa lectin. The monomers are joined by a disulfide bridge to form the toxic heterodimers (Type 2 RIPs)." Here is a diagram showing the life cycle of ricin as it inter acts with the cells.<br />
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<a href="http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/images/biosynbg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/images/biosynbg.jpg" height="323" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div>
Sources:</div>
<div>
<a href="http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/qa.asp">http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/qa.asp</a><br />
<a href="http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/BMBL5_sect_VIII_g.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/BMBL5_sect_VIII_g.pdf</a><br />
<a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_ricin.htm">http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_ricin.htm</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin.html">http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin.html</a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/shannon-richardson-ricin-plot-husband">http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/shannon-richardson-ricin-plot-husband</a></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-74815126476023986132015-06-13T09:33:00.000-07:002015-06-13T09:33:07.016-07:00Helicobacter Pylori, a Little Bacteria with Big Consequences<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXW2srIANKNlqu9F_EueOaemrT6BxCz9Strtn_YVT1MffqO92s4MIfHOMQ1yywDPyuT-fhWmqz49l4b23fEL4ffblDieazwVNnebCF01UAisq3Hd94OMfKKVJ_k6fawGmcbtGN6lKwgxLD/s1600/h+pylori.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXW2srIANKNlqu9F_EueOaemrT6BxCz9Strtn_YVT1MffqO92s4MIfHOMQ1yywDPyuT-fhWmqz49l4b23fEL4ffblDieazwVNnebCF01UAisq3Hd94OMfKKVJ_k6fawGmcbtGN6lKwgxLD/s1600/h+pylori.jpg" /></a>From the sixth grade until the
eighth grade I had debilitating pain in my abdomen roughly thirty minutes to an
hour after each meal that I ate. In addition to that I was always bloated,
frequently nauseous after I started to eat, and no matter how much I ate I
would lose weight. My doctor was baffled at what it could be and I endured
months of tests--mostly blood work--and doctor’s appointments before he finally
figured it out: my stomach was riddled with the bacteria Helicobacter Pylori
(H. pylori).</div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
About half of the world's
population is actually infected with this bacteria, but most people do not have
any symptoms or have any problems linked with H. pylori. In addition to the symptoms
that I experienced, one could possibly encounter a loss of appetite or frequent
burping. The complications of H. pylori
are far worse than the pain in the abdomen (and it is </div>
<br />
not easy pain). H. pylori
can lead to an inflammation of the lining of the stomach due to irritation,
ulcers, or stomach cancer. Roughly one in ten people with H. pylori develop an
ulcer.<br />
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEYHwO4dqEC6fujqg_2n3fjDpGpAbjkXDmgYKp7EXFDke3iGIOkIWpLYu3SXk08wfPQaxRyIxpNe_yvgD2BBcu3rYw9RNbaQN01zAJyjAJi27n1W0BRscXNZBuN5D0tHOPThHpJUlp9zIN/s1600/h+pylori+in+stomach.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEYHwO4dqEC6fujqg_2n3fjDpGpAbjkXDmgYKp7EXFDke3iGIOkIWpLYu3SXk08wfPQaxRyIxpNe_yvgD2BBcu3rYw9RNbaQN01zAJyjAJi27n1W0BRscXNZBuN5D0tHOPThHpJUlp9zIN/s200/h+pylori+in+stomach.jpg" width="200" /></a>When someone comes into the
doctor's office with the symptoms of H. pylori, there are several ways that
they can be tested for the bacteria. I was diagnosed by a blood test, which is
the least accurate way of determining active H. pylori. A blood test simply
tests whether or not there are antibodies for H. pylori, which would appear to
be positive even if that strand of H. pylori was not harmful or the body had
already defeated it. Another option is
testing the breath after taking medication that would give off carbon if in the
presence of H. pylori. Certain medicines in your system can affect the validity
of the breath test, though. Fecal matter can be tested for antigens that would
lead the doctor to the conclusion that H. pylori is present, but the same
medicines can affect this test. Lastly, the doctor can sedate the patient and
perform an endoscopy exam which involves putting a long tube down the patient's
throat with a camera on the end to view the inside of the stomach and to take a
biopsy of the tissue to test for H. pylori directly. However, due the invasive
nature of this test, it is typically reserved for diagnosing ulcers associated
with H. pylori or in a last effort to definitively rule out other
conditions. </div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
Once diagnosed, the treatment for
H. pylori is fairly simple. The doctor will typically prescribe two types of antibiotics
because of the resilience of the bacteria and its ability to develop a
resistance to the antibiotic. On top of that, doctors give medication designed
to block acid in the stomach in order to start the healing process of the
stomach lining. There are several options for acid blockers such as proton pump
inhibitors (ex: Prevacid), histamine blockers (ex: Zantax), or bismuth
subsalicylate (ex: Pepto-Bismol). With the resilience of this bacteria, it is
also important that the patient is tested at least a month after treatment has
ended to see if another round of antibiotics are necessary. </div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPZcOLe91Any_CPiLH_HfkmoZdw5GYEdzLiR0UEuZRhQAdavc3NkdIts5z8f_6eQ6EwaJr0XABZxHDN2rYUB7eSXMn1TqhxQareTIFSzZbJFkQHN4miiYCkDEPOePjS4OAYZfOFrwQqTN1/s1600/bmarshall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPZcOLe91Any_CPiLH_HfkmoZdw5GYEdzLiR0UEuZRhQAdavc3NkdIts5z8f_6eQ6EwaJr0XABZxHDN2rYUB7eSXMn1TqhxQareTIFSzZbJFkQHN4miiYCkDEPOePjS4OAYZfOFrwQqTN1/s1600/bmarshall.jpg" /></a>All of the information dealing with
the treatment of ulcers caused by H. pylori can be attributed to Dr. Barry
Marshall. In the 1980s, it was thought that ulcers were caused by stress but
Marshall knew that was not true—he knew that they were caused by H. pylori.
After seeing patient after patient die from severe ulcers that were not caused
by stress, he knew that he had to do something about it. The bacteria would not
grow in lab mice to be tested, so he infected himself with a very bad strain of
H. pylori to see if it would give him an ulcer and then if he could treat it.
It is because of this man’s devotion to the health of his patients and this courageous
experiment that H. pylori has become severely less deadly and highly treatable.</div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Sources:</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/basics/treatment/con-20030903">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/basics/treatment/con-20030903</a></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.emedicinehealth.com/helicobacter_pylori_h_pylori/article_em.htm#helicobacter_pylori_h_pylori_overview">http://www.emedicinehealth.com/helicobacter_pylori_h_pylori/article_em.htm#helicobacter_pylori_h_pylori_overview</a></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://discovermagazine.com/2010/mar/07-dr-drank-broth-gave-ulcer-solved-medical-mystery">http://discovermagazine.com/2010/mar/07-dr-drank-broth-gave-ulcer-solved-medical-mystery</a></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
RyanneRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09065906179327532905noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-48501164176042253222015-06-13T09:27:00.003-07:002015-06-13T09:27:16.712-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfRbcNgDwCktF_1vLSaZaq94lgNUvkvKN90s4aHehAoT_58GBn3-okhUfqzi-kKSu9UhBV3zURMspMdqHaPUhCm1_45xmViGAahqpAu33R9YLEY1khEK7WWeUUgcX0awkxX5v3ulOyqBS4/s1600/Neonatal+ALD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfRbcNgDwCktF_1vLSaZaq94lgNUvkvKN90s4aHehAoT_58GBn3-okhUfqzi-kKSu9UhBV3zURMspMdqHaPUhCm1_45xmViGAahqpAu33R9YLEY1khEK7WWeUUgcX0awkxX5v3ulOyqBS4/s200/Neonatal+ALD.jpg" width="186" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I decided to post about a very rare genetic disorder known
as neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Most people have never heard of this rare
disorder. This is genetic disease that I am very familiar with because my
cousin was diagnosed with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy at the age of 6 months
and sadly died at the age of three. By all appearances Andy was a normal
newborn but it wasn’t long before my aunt and uncle noticed that something was
wrong. Initially the pediatricians told my aunt and uncle that everything was
fine and not to worry. Andy did not respond to visual cues or sound. Very soon
after birth it was determined that Andy was deaf and blind. He was missing all
of the milestones children should hit by the age of 6 months. Andy could barely
hold his head up and could not sit up or role over on his own. It was a mystery
to my family until he went to a specialist and it was determined that he had a
very rare condition called neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. This genetic disorder
affects about 1 in every 50,000 births. This disorder is characterized by the
breakdown or loss of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve cells in the brain
which causes dysfunction of the adrenal glands. In class we learned that the myelin
sheath is responsible for the transmission of the electrical impulses along the
axon. The breakdown of the myelin sheath affects one’s ability to transmit information
and this explains why my cousin was unable to see, hear, roll over or even sit
up. Unfortunately, this particular form
of leukodystrophy is fatal and there is currently no cure. For this reason my
family has been very involved with promoting awareness and supporting fund
raisers. Because this disorder affects the nerves and adrenal glands this is a
disease that will get progressively worse. This specific form of leukodystrophy
is caused by a mutation in the PEX5 gene. For an individual to have this
disorder they must have two copies of the mutated PEX5 gene. Both my aunt and
uncle were carriers of this mutated PEX5 gene. My aunt and Uncle gave birth to
another son several years later and were very lucky not to have passed along
this disorder to their second son. Because they were both carries of the
recessive mutated gene PEX5 they have a 50 % chance of having a child with the
disorder. I found the topic of this blog post interesting not only because of
my personal connection but also because of how this disorder relates to
multiple topics leaned about and discussed throughout this class. During this
class we discussed at length the transmission of recessive alleles and the pedigree
analysis and genetic counseling used. We
also discussed the function of the myelin sheath on the neurons axon and what
this is responsible for. Currently there is research being conducted using stem
cell transplantation using umbilical cord cells and bone marrow cell. Unfortunately
these treatments can only slow this degenerative process of the myelin sheath deterioration.
The most effective way to prevent this disorder is understanding genetic
testing for the recessive alleles. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Work Cited:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://ulf.org/">http://ulf.org/</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.orpha.net/consor4.01/www/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=44">http://www.orpha.net/consor4.01/www/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=44</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/adrenoleukodystrophy/overview.html">http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/adrenoleukodystrophy/overview.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
Ryan Floydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10694565124933618379noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-13831555178790949432015-06-13T09:18:00.001-07:002015-06-13T09:18:49.419-07:00Say NO to GMOs<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
GMO, which stands for genetically
modified organisms, are being found in food we eat more so now than in the
past. What exactly is GMOs? GMOs are genetically engineered organisms that have
been changed and manipulated in laboratories. The reason why GMOs are so
harmful to the human body and more people are starting to become GMO free is
because these labs are directly spraying chemicals onto the food while it is
being processed. GMOs have been added into food without being identified. What
this means is, food that we have been eating has been processed with these
chemicals and we have been ingesting them every time we eat. Just because a
package of food says “organic” does not mean that it is GMO free, either. If
something is organic, either no chemicals were used, or the chemicals that were
used were “natural.” There is a website called the “non-GMO project” that gives
complete lists of GMO free, and verified, foods and different ways to avoid
GMOs. This website gives good insight to those who are wanting to learn more
about GMOs and what they really are. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have
recently started to eat GMO free foods. In all honesty, I feel so much better
and I do not get as tired as easily as I did before. There are many
documentaries on Netflix about food and GMOs which are extremely interesting.
One show that I have watched is called, “Food Inc.,” and they talk heavily
about food in grocery stores. Most of the foods, especially tomatoes, when they
are sold out of season, they are genetically engineered, all the way down to
the color. Knowing this about the foods that are being sold, and being allowed
to be sold, is a little frightening to me. According to the non-GMO project
website, in The United States alone, over 80% of our food is processed with
GMOs. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since
science is always changing, and will continue to always change, all we can do,
as consumers, is make sure we are putting the best foods into our bodies. One
way I am starting to do this is by composting my own food waste. In the city
that I live in, we actually have compost bins for everyone to use. This is
helping to grow organic foods, with no chemicals. The gardens where these foods
are being grown are available for anyone to come and pick from the harvest. I
think this is a very important step in the right direction. The next important
step is to continue to spread the word about the compost bins, and teaching
kids and families about eating organically. According to another article,
listed below, Holland has been testing GMOs on mice. When they studied these
mice, they noticed drastic behavior changes between the mice who have been
given the GMOs and the mice who have not. Even though this has only been tested
on mice, I hope more tests are done to see if GMOs have this type of effect on
students and people with behavior and social issues. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Also attached is a video on GMOs from Bill Nye.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/">Non-GMO Project</a><br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<a href="http://www.responsibletechnology.org/gmo-dangers/higher-risks-for-children/Another-Reason-for-Schools-to-Ban-Genetically-Engineered-Foods-September-2004">Mice on GMOs Article</a><br /><div>
<br /></div>
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<div>
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11996040727018985067noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-43605034459669408732015-06-10T09:07:00.000-07:002015-06-10T09:07:02.934-07:00Lack of Sleep May Lead to Alzheimer's Disease<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Not
getting enough sleep may be a leading cause of Alzheimer’s disease. Some new
studies have shown that a lack of quality sleep may lead to a buildup of a
protein that is shown to cause Alzheimer’s. “</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Scientists at
the University of California, Berkeley, have found compelling evidence that
poor sleep -- particularly a deficit of the deep, restorative slumber -- is a
channel through which the beta-amyloid protein, believed to trigger Alzheimer's
disease, attacks the brain's long-term memory” (University of California –
Berkeley, 2015). They believe that the
lack of restorative sleep allows the beta-amyloid protein to build up, causing
a weakening of the memory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Beta-amyloid starts out as a
single molecule but these molecules tend to bunch up together. <br />
As they bunch up they form a plaque that can be seen in Alzheimer’s patients. A
study at Stanford University School of Medicine showed that “for the first time
that in this clustered form, beta-amyloid can bind strongly to a receptor on
nerve cells, setting in motion an intercellular process that erodes their
synapses with other nerve cells” (Stanford Medicine, 2013). We learned in class
that the synapses are how the cells send and receive electric charges in the
nervous system. If these synapses get blocked the cells cannot function
properly and can lead to the cells death. As more and more of the cells die
this leads to severe memory loss which is the hallmark for Alzheimer’s. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">It has been shown that there
is a buildup of beta-amyloid in people who had Alzheimer’s and those who had a
sleeping disorder. “</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Moreover, a 2013 University of
Rochester study found that the brain cells of mice would shrink during
non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM) sleep to make space for cerebrospinal fluids
to wash out toxic metabolites such as beta-amyloid” (University of California –
Berkeley, 2015). This helps to show that
sleep can help to get rid of some of the buildup of this toxic protein. They
are still trying to figure out whether a buildup of the protein causes poor
sleep or if poor sleep causes a buildup. They are still doing research on which
is the leading factor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">To see how sleep affects the memory
and the buildup of the beta-amyloid in people researchers at Berkley did a
study where they had people memorize a list of words and then go to sleep to
see how much they remembered the next day. Using brain imaging and other
diagnostic tools they were able to show that those who got a good night sleep
had a lower level of beta-amyloid and were able to remember more the next day
than those who had the poorest quality of sleep. This shows that the quality of sleep we get
can affect the amount of beta-amyloid.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-menOd-hwzhk/VXhSiW_iijI/AAAAAAAAACA/r4SUzZ78_eA/s1600/150601122442_1_540x360.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-menOd-hwzhk/VXhSiW_iijI/AAAAAAAAACA/r4SUzZ78_eA/s200/150601122442_1_540x360.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="photo-caption" style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 10px 10px 5px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Heavy deposits of the toxic protein, beta-amyloid, shown in red in the brain on the right, are linked to poor sleep and may be paving the way for Alzheimer’s disease. A brain benefiting from deep sleep brain waves and an absence of beta-amyloid is shown on the left.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><div class="photo-credit" style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px 10px 10px; text-align: start;">
<em style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Credit: Photo courtesy of Bryce Mander and Matthew Walker</span></em></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">If sleep is the leading cause
of Alzheimer’s this may be considered a good thing. Getting more sleep is
treatable. There are many ways that people can increase their amounts of sleep including
exercise, therapy, and maybe even electrical stimulation that amplify the brain
waves during sleep. Just getting enough sleep could maybe decrease your likelihood
of getting Alzheimer’s or decrease the effects of the disease. More studies are
going to be done to solidify the link between sleep and Alzheimer’s. </span></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/09/scientists-reveal-how-beta-amyloid-may-cause-alzheimers.html">Scientists reveal how beta-amyloid may cause Alzheimer's</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150601122442.htm">Poor sleep linked to toxic buildup of Alzheimer's protein, memory loss</a></li>
</ul>
Works Cited:<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">University of California - Berkeley. "Poor sleep linked to toxic buildup of Alzheimer's protein, memory loss." <i>ScienceDaily</i>. ScienceDaily, 1 June 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150601122442.htm>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -28px;">Stanford Medicine. </span><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -28px;">"Scientists Reveal How Beta-amyloid May Cause Alzheimer's." </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -28px;">News Center</i><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -28px;">. Stanford Medicine, n.d. Web. 10 June 2015. <https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/09/scientists-reveal-how-beta-amyloid-may-cause-alzheimers.html>.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-3488125391009612362015-06-09T10:02:00.001-07:002015-06-09T10:02:43.429-07:00Meal frequency and body mass index <h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Relationship
between meal frequency and the body mass index in adolescents</span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Obesity has
become one of the major lifestyle challenges facing human beings today. Obesity
in human beings is associated with various problems including lifestyle
diseases such as blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and poor quality of
life. Childhood and adolescent obesity has been on increase at higher rates
than in adults and this has raised serious public health concerns. Human
nutrition has been shown to be one of the major causes of obesity in most parts
of the world. Identifying ways of preventing obesity has becomes a key public
health goal especially in developed countries where the problem of obesity is
most severe. Therefore, research has focused on how human nutrition can be
altered in order to lower obesity. In particular, the metabolism of the human
body and the frequency of meals has attracted significant attraction in the
recent past. Understanding the relationship if any between meal patterns and
weight changes can be useful in preventing obesity (Franko et al., 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In one study,
Frank et al. (2008) investigated whether meal frequency was related to body
mass index among adolescent girls aged 9-19 years. At baseline, there were
1,209 black and 1,166 white girls enrolled in a National Heart, Lung and Blood
Institute Growth and Health Study. Data on three-day food diaries as well as
height and weight of the girls was taken at annual in-person visits. Meal frequency
was determined from a 3-day food records of participants. The study findings
showed that on average, the girls who ate more than three meals per day had
lower body mass indices than those who consumed 3 meals only. The conclusion
drawn from this study was that meal frequency had a direct relationship to BMI
and should, therefore, be explored when developing programs for obesity
prevention. People who consume a few meals are at a higher risk of obesity
compared to those who consume higher number of meals. Higher meal frequency was
postulated to have metabolic advantages that help to lower BMI and obesity
(Frank et al., 2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The findings of
Frank et al. (2008) were corroborated in a later study conducted in 2013 at the
University of Eastern Finland. In this study evaluating the correlation between
meal frequency and adolescent obesity, it was showed that five regular meals
daily significantly reduced the risk of obesity in adolescents. The
population-based study involving over 4,000 participants was conducted by
collecting data from participants from birth up to the age 16. The aim of the
study was to identify the obesity risk factors as well as the association with
meal frequency and obesity. The results indicated that people who fed on a
regular pattern of five meals had reduced risk of being overweight and obesity
for both sexes. The study also found that skipping breakfast had an impact of
increased risk of obesity and higher BMI (University of Eastern Finland, 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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condition of high accumulation of fat in the body and may result in
life-threatening conditions such as heart disease and obesity. It is evident
that higher frequency of meals could reduce the risk of obesity among
adolescents. This may be due to the metabolic benefits associated with regular
eating habits. Therefore, obesity prevention programs should focus on educating
patients and the public of the need for regular and higher frequency meals as
well as the disadvantages of skipping meals as a way of reducing weight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Work cited:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Franko, D. L.,
Striegel-Moore, R. H. Thompson, D., Affenito, S. G., Schreiber,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G B., Daniels, S. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>R. and Crawford, P. B. (2008). The relationship between meal
frequency and body mass <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>index in black
and white adolescent girls: more is less. International Journal of Obesity <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>32, 23–29. Retrieved May 30, 2015 from: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v32/n1/full/0803654a.html"><span lang="EN-US">http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v32/n1/full/0803654a.html</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">University of
Eastern Finland. (2013). Five regular meals a day reduce obesity risk among <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>adolescents. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Science Daily. </i>Retrieved May 30, 2015 from: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131003095450.htm"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131003095450.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-33976687717018385532015-06-09T09:17:00.002-07:002015-06-09T09:17:24.119-07:00Did ‘Lucy’ Have Neighbors?<br />
<div class="p3" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
It is currently undoubted that human race traces back to the humble eastern Africa with most of the fossils and artifacts that depicts the existence and civilization of an early man species extracted over the years. Popular sites include The Olduvai Gorge in Kenya, parts of eastern Uganda and parts of northern Ethiopia. Among the most famous species of hominids are the kenyathropus platyops, homoerectus, and homopithecus (Reed & Kaye 2013). They are hominids species because they relate to humans than to chimps in their body structure, art, tools, and culture as they roamed the rangelands about 3 million years ago. Acknowledgements to the paleontologists and geologist who have discovered these marvelous creatures in an attempt to decipher our ancestors and more so who answer the once labelled 64-million-dollar question, which taxa gave rise to our taxa Homo? We, ’humans’ belong to the species Homo sapiens sapiens.</div>
<div class="p3" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
<span class="Apple-tab-span"></span>You probably know ‘Lucy’ or have about her marvelousness’ not only in the way she was quickly discovered but also for the distinct formation of body structured as depicted by her skeleton (Meldrum & Charles 2004). In 1973, at a camp site in Afar Triangle of Ethiopia paleontologists, archeologist, anthropologist and geologist celebrated to making one of the greatest discovery of all time and from a tape recorder in the camp, ‘the Beatles’ song ‘Lucy in the sky with diamonds’ played loudly and repeatedly hence the name ‘Lucy’. Donald Johansson and Tom Gray who were a group of archeologist and geologist had discovered the end of shinbone. However sliced but luckily, the lower part-end of femur was near it. When fitted into each other, they formed the angle of a knee joint undoubtedly indicating that it was an upright walking hominid. Within the second field era in autumn, the crew operated on the location where they discovered hundreds of bone fragments (Reed & Kaye 2013). Amazingly, these pieces were with no duplication and formed 40% of a hominid skeleton that and later assessed as a female based on the pelvic and sacrum bones. The terrific collection and reconstruction confirmed the original speculation to a hominid species<i>Australopithecus aferensis </i>Lucy that resembled modern humans. Lucy then became a household name in the 1970s.</div>
<div class="p3" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
<span class="Apple-tab-span"></span>Currently, it is evident that Lucy was not alone. She presumably had cousins more or less neighbors. Recent fossilized teeth and jaws discovered in northern Ethiopia about 35 kilometers from Lucy’s Hadar (Reed & Kaye, 2013). The bones are from diverse kinds denoted to as the <i>Australopithecus deyiremeda </i>that dates 3.5 to 3.3 million years compared to Lucy that dates 3 to 3.7 million years. The name <i>deyimerada</i> in Afur language means relative or close in addition given the proximity of Hadar and dating these two species presumably co-existed in the same period and geographical region (Meldrum & Charles, 2004). However, the latter has notably beefier jaws and much smaller teeth than any hominids ever learned. Many of these bones demonstrate a different compelling match to the flat-faced kenyathropus platyops and even to Lucy.</div>
<div class="p3" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
<span class="Apple-tab-span"></span>This therefore denotes that the latter is a different species all the same. Researchers speculate that the latter might have lived among trees or even fed on different food owing to the shape of the teeth differentiates him from Lucy. However, questions on their co-existence remain a mystery that is unfolded until now. Imagine living in a world with another species almost alike physically and culturally. Did they battle for territory, food and shelter or did they bath together in the Awash River exchanging pleasantries?</div>
<div class="p1" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
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<div class="p2" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
Works Cited</div>
<div class="p3" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
Kimbel, William H, Yoel Rak, and Donald C. Johanson. <i>The Skull of Australopithecus Afarensis</i>.</div>
<div class="p3" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print.</div>
<div class="p3" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
Meldrum, D J, and Charles E. Hilton. <i>From Biped to Strider: The Emergence of Modern Human</i></div>
<div class="p4" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
<i>Walking, Running, and Resource Transport</i>. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2004. Print</div>
<div class="p3" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
Reed, Kaye E, John G. Fleagle, and Richard E. Leakey. <i>The Paleobiology of Australopithecus:</i></div>
<div class="p4" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida Grande', Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">
<i>Contributions from the Fourth Stony Brook Human Evolution Symposium and Workshop, Diversity in Australopithecus: Tracking the First Bipeds, September 25-28, 2007</i>. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013. Internet resource.</div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-50749954162597932482015-06-08T19:14:00.000-07:002015-06-08T19:14:30.626-07:00Does the size of the brain matter?<h2 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><i>Does the size of the brain matter?</i></span></h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8R7UjnJeWwI/VXZLS9xNC4I/AAAAAAAAABc/nBkAjicSceA/s1600/150603181807_1_540x360.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8R7UjnJeWwI/VXZLS9xNC4I/AAAAAAAAABc/nBkAjicSceA/s320/150603181807_1_540x360.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
brain is the most incredibly mysterious organ in the human body. Researchers
have linked its size to intelligence and cognitive skills. Others have also
linked it to the ability to exude morality and sacred values. The question is:
does having a big brain necessarily mean one is, has a high IQ? Since men have
larger brains than women, does that make them smarter? When SAT scores of a
100000 17 and 18-year old boys were compared to the scores of their female
counterparts, the boys were found to have 3.63 IQ points higher than the girls.
This could be interpreted to mean that bigger brains make one brainier. Nevertheless,
making that statement a fact is still work in progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">While
increases in brain size may indicate a better capacity to intelligent behavior,
only a particular section of the brain matters. This is why some animals have
heightened senses of smell, sight or abilities to have greater precision in particular
movements. One would ask himself then if brain size matters, why do insects
with the brain the size of a pin-head have equal or higher intelligence than
other bigger animals? The average human being has a brain weight ranging
between 1.25kg and 1.45kg with 85 billion nerve cells while a whale can have a
brain weighing 9kg with more than 200 billion nerve cells. This does not make a
whale brighter than the human being. In fact, the intelligence of people
compared to that of whales is outstanding. Bigger animals may have bigger
brains only because they need higher control for their big bodies not because
they are more intelligent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nZEkLXlFVUo/VXZLXS4_IqI/AAAAAAAAABk/0gHYdeljKqs/s1600/different-brain-size-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nZEkLXlFVUo/VXZLXS4_IqI/AAAAAAAAABk/0gHYdeljKqs/s1600/different-brain-size-3.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Other
studies suggest that indeed the size of the brain matters. Magnetic resonance
imaging has been used to show the comparison between the sizes of human brains to
their intelligence. A few years back, the outcome of twenty-six imaging studies
established that there was indeed a relationship between the intelligence level
and brain size. It showed that the correlation was steadily within 0.3 to 0.4
ranges. The genome-wide association study, which included 20000 human subjects,
showed that the difference in HMGA2 gene that makes cell growth possible was
correlated with the intracranial volume and enhanced IQ. Higher morals
reasoning skills have also been linked to a bigger brain. Studies suggest that
a person with a bigger brain has more capacity to learn new things and also
establish more cognitive behavior. Their increased gray matter in the brain
enables them to make more acceptable moral decisions and social behavior. This
is the reason they are more likely to choose to do the right thing other than
the wrong thing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Finally,
it cannot be said conclusively whether brain size affects the reasoning
capacity of human beings. If that were true, Albert Einstein, a scientist would
have encountered immense difficulty thinking and establishing theories and
facts due to his average-sized brain. His example proves that indeed the size
of the brain does not determine intelligence. There may be more to brainpower
than simply having a massive brain which includes the higher degrees of gray
matter in the brain. Having smaller brains, therefore, does not necessarily throw
one into the pit of poor academic performance and low cognitive abilities. Truth
be told, some of the most outstanding minds had smaller brains than the average
man.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150603181807.htm" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150603181807.htm</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091117124009.htm" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091117124009.htm</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/news/ask-neuroscientist-does-bigger-brain-make-you-smarter" target="_blank">https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/news/ask-neuroscientist-does-bigger-brain-make-you-smarter</a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <a href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/brain-size2.htm" target="_blank">http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/brain-size2.htm</a></span></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-62285106780311674602015-06-08T19:00:00.002-07:002015-06-08T19:00:56.688-07:00The Risk of Auto- Reactive Immune cells in Adults<br />
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There has been a long held belief that most of the self-reactive cells in the immune system are removed in the early stages of life. These cells are mostly contained in the thymus. However, new studies contradict the belief. These studies have established that the self-reactive cells can remain in circulation in the human body up to adulthood. The new findings contradict the belief that has been held for more than 25 years. Many specialized cell coordinates in the complex immune system of vertebrates. The coordination is aimed at wiping out developing tumors and foreign invaders. T-cells are some of the cells involved in this critical function. The cells mature in the thymus from which they derive their name.</div>
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There are two major varieties of T cells. One of these classes is the killer T cells or cytotoxic T cells, which plays a significant role in attacking and destroying cells containing pathogens such as viruses. The killer T cells also attack most cells that represent any sign of becoming or being cancerous. The proliferation of T cells during the early stages of development cause them to undergo a process of frequent scrambling of the DNA. The scrambling occurs in major parts of their genome resulting in DNA rearrangement. Therefore, a great variance in the types of unfamiliar tissues and pathogens that individual T cells can successfully identify and separate from the community of familiar and healthy tissues. The huge amounts of cell replication leave a high diversity of T cells as far as identification of unfamiliar and pathogen infused cells is concerned. Therefore, a vast array of antigens, which constitute the biochemical component of cancerous cells and pathogens, can be effectively identified for immune detection. Therefore, it is very difficult for cancerous cells and pathogens to invade the human tissues.</div>
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As much as the process of random mutation can yield immune cells that can be stimulated by different characteristics of antigens of tumors and pathogens, the process can also produce immune cells that can be activated by countless antigens present in the healthy tissues of a human body. The current theory indicates that this process occurs only among few people late in life creating autoimmune, which indicates that there may be a definite pattern and explanation as to the limited number of its occurrence. Mouse studies have provided much of the theories behind the reason for autoimmune not been experienced by everyone. Scientific research indicated that the frequency of recognition of self-antigens by killer T cells is almost the same as the frequency of recognition of foreign antigens. This indicates that even though the thymus begins shrinking during adolescence and withers into useless fat, there is still a great amount of the cells developed in the thymus that circulate in the body.</div>
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Further investigations comparing male and female T cell frequency that can recognize Y-chromosomes indicates that there was about a third as much prevalence of these cells in men as compared to women. The Y chromosome should be self in men and foreign in women. Therefore, T cells detecting Y-chromosomes in women should be a normal scenario. However, the presence of the cells in male indicates that the killer T cells targeting the antigen in men do not disappear completely as a third of them survive.</div>
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Work Cited</div>
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Stanford University Medical Center. “Adults harbor lots of risky autoreactive immune cells.” <i>ScienceDaily</i>. Science Daily. Web. 19 May 2015. Retrieved from HYPERLINK "<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150519132625.htm" style="color: #1e5494; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.s<wbr></wbr>ciencedaily.<wbr></wbr>com/releases<wbr></wbr>/2015/05/150<wbr></wbr>519132625.ht<wbr></wbr>m</a>" <span class="s1" style="color: #2131a1;"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150519132625.htm" style="color: #1e5494; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.s<wbr></wbr>ciencedaily.<wbr></wbr>com/releases<wbr></wbr>/2015/05/150<wbr></wbr>519132625.ht<wbr></wbr>m</a></span></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-46523123942274462542014-08-05T11:47:00.000-07:002014-08-05T11:47:46.030-07:00How slow walking speed and memory complaints can predict dementia<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">At the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, a study was conducted on five different continents between roughly 27,000 older aged adults that measured how fast those people walked and whether or not they have cognitive issues or not. For those of you that don't know what dementia is, it is a decline in mental ability severe enough that it affects and interferes with that person's daily life. Some symptoms of dementia are memory loss and their ability to focus or pay attention isn't really present. They found that 1 in 10 met the certain criteria for having pre-dementia based on this test listed above. The people who did test positive for pre-dementia were twice as likely as other people to develop full-blown dementia within the next 12 years. </span><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--_KbdGIj53E/U9WRItFpirI/AAAAAAAAACE/YaBn6oF4Ezc/s1600/Dementia+75.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--_KbdGIj53E/U9WRItFpirI/AAAAAAAAACE/YaBn6oF4Ezc/s1600/Dementia+75.jpg" height="160" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As to do with cognitive issues, this new test determines whether someone has motoric cognitive risk or not. To find out whether someone has this syndrome or not is done by a test which goes like this. It relies on measuring the gait speed which is our manner of walking, by simply asking a few questions about that patient's cognitive abilities. This isn't a big test that has to be done in a lab. It can simply be done in a doctor's office and only takes a few minutes. Diagnosing this early on in life is very important because then doctor's can identify it and treat the causes of the disease in the body or could even prevent dementia if it is really caught early enough. The payoff for this experiment could be very helpful not only to families and patients but also could benefit health care savings in our society. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it estimates that close to 5.3 million Americans in the United States have Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's Disease is the most common form of dementia. Around the year 2050, that 5.3 million is expected to double due to the aging of the population at that time. MCR is common among 26,802 adults without dementia or disability that is 60 years of age or older enrolled in 22 studies in 17 countries. 9.7 percent of adults met the criteria for MCR syndrome. With MCR, higher educated people were less likely to test positive compared to those who are less educated. Walking 2.2 MPH is considered a "slow gait" which is slower than one meter per second. This is known as abnormal. </span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0XikB8LDODM/U9WRgQIFjnI/AAAAAAAAACM/kIV7dvBoCFo/s1600/download+(4).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0XikB8LDODM/U9WRgQIFjnI/AAAAAAAAACM/kIV7dvBoCFo/s1600/download+(4).jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now comes the question of how to treat MCR but there are no treatable ideas to help them cure it? It is obvious that eating healthy and exercising on a regular, daily basis helps not only your body and health but also plays a contributing factor in reducing the rate of cognitive decline. To delay dementia from happening to you, scientists suggest you play board games, card games, read and write as much as you can. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Finally, I never knew any of this could cause dementia and cognitive issues. It is interesting to learn about this stuff because you never know what life could throw at you when you become older. For further information on this topic, visit the site <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140725144455.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140725144455.htm</a> . There are other websites and articles that talk about this as well such as <a href="http://healthland.time.com/2012/07/16/what-does-your-walking-speed-say-about-your-alzheimers-risk/">http://healthland.time.com/2012/07/16/what-does-your-walking-speed-say-about-your-alzheimers-risk/</a> . </span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-81028323059754135852014-08-03T21:15:00.002-07:002014-08-03T21:15:46.580-07:00Type 1 DiabetesMy roommate has type 1 diabetes, and over the course of the last three years of college I have learned a lot about this disease. I pay very close attention and am always asking questions about why, when, and how much insulin needs to be taken in order to stay healthy. I am also prepared if he would have an attack, because I know which syringe to use, how much, and where to inject him at. Now that I have provided you with a little background of why I have chosen this topic, it is time to learn how this disease works. <div>
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In type 1 diabetes, the body (pancreas) does not produce insulin, a hormone that converts sugar and other food into energy. Various factors may contribute to type 1, including genetics and exposure to certain viruses. Although there is no cure and<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;"> </span>can be very deadly, as long as a person takes care of themselves and uses correct insulin therapy, anyone can manage diabetes and live long, normal, healthy lives. </div>
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Whenever a person with diabetes eats, is feeling jittery, or feels weak, they need to prick their finger and touch the strip to that blood in order check their blood sugar level.</div>
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<img height="320" src="http://www.washington.edu/news/files/2013/05/diabetes-finger-prick.jpg" width="212" /> <img height="238" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcShcZIbSXQCKIdyxt1T4qEgaV6Q-dT9V8jwgUec2ZYQn8vE8Ha-" width="320" /></div>
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Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms may include:</div>
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<li>increased thirst</li>
<li>frequent urination</li>
<li>extreme hunger</li>
<li>unintended weight loss</li>
<li>mood changes</li>
<li>fatigue and weakness</li>
<li>blurred vision</li>
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Roles of insulin:</div>
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<li>Insulin circulates, enabling sugar to enter your cells</li>
<li>Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in your bloodstream</li>
<li>As your blood sugar level drops, so does the amount of insulin produced from the pancreas.</li>
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Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes, has a slightly increased risk of also developing this condition. The presence of certain genes indicates an increased risk of developing type 1. Although type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, the two noticeable peaks are usually between 4 and 7 years old, as well as between 10 and 14 years old. Adults are also able to develop type 1 diabetes. </div>
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This disease can affect major organs in the body including heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys. If blood levels are managed and kept close to normal, this can dramatically reduce the risk of many complications. Long-term complications develop gradually, but can eventually be disabling or life-threatening.</div>
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Overall, diabetes is a very serious disease and is very scary, but for example with my roommate if you take care of yourself then nobody will ever know that you are in fact diabetic. </div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-86006272311630723612014-08-03T20:51:00.000-07:002014-08-03T20:51:12.794-07:00You are what you eat....or should we say what you eat you will become?<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><em>You are what you eat....or should we say what you eat you will become?</em></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When was the last time you turned on the
television or pull up a web page without some commercial or ad telling you to
change the way you eat or buy supplements that will make you healthier but what
does your body really need? Are the supplements, shakes or meal plans
helping or hurting your waistline and more importantly your health?
Obesity is at an all-time high in the United States. We are consuming
higher calorie food with less nutritional value. This means that our
stomachs feel full but our bodies are starving. Although caloric intake
is an individualized number based on age, weight, and activity level on average
the typical 18-30 year old woman only needs about 1300-2400 calories a
day, for a man of the same age range it is about 2800-3100 and as we get older
this number decreases. There are a lot of us that can take in 1/3 of
these calories just from our morning coffee which is also loaded in
sugar. For those of us that do cook at home we tend to fall victim to
prepackaged process foods out of convenience that are loaded in oils, sodium,
sugar and refined carbohydrates. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What we are
discovering now is that it wasn't how much that was on those plates but what
was on those plates that mattered. Our bodies are many complex systems
all working together to keep us healthy and disease free. The food that
we are putting into these well-oiled machines is being linked to many chronic
diseases. Looking at nutrition on a cellular level we are able to see the
basics of our nutritional needs. Besides oxygen, carbohydrates, and fiber
we also need amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. All of
these can be found in the lean meats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables that
we eat. It is when we load up on processed, high fat and high sugar foods
with no nutritional value that start to accumulate excess body weight and
nutrient depleted bodies.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Adc1aQpGV80/U98A6jiLC6I/AAAAAAAAC1c/T9pcrZ2j8zY/s1600/health-promotion--chronic-disease-prevention_52843cbd2d7d5_w450_h600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Adc1aQpGV80/U98A6jiLC6I/AAAAAAAAC1c/T9pcrZ2j8zY/s1600/health-promotion--chronic-disease-prevention_52843cbd2d7d5_w450_h600.jpg" height="400" width="300" /></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Excess body weight has been linked to type 2
diabetes; cancers of the breast, endometrium, ovaries, colon, rectum and
kidney; hypertension; coronary artery disease; stroke; asthma; gall bladder
disease; and osteoarthritis (Journal of The Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics). I know we all hear eat your fruits and vegetables but in
doing so we can take a proactive stance on preventing chronic diseases later in
life. Just one cup of blueberries can provide carbohydrates -- 21.5 grams
per cup, of which 3.6 grams are dietary fiber. Carbohydrates provide energy to
fuel your active lifestyle and support the function of several organs,
including your kidneys and brain. Fiber keeps your digestive system functioning
properly, increases your sense of being sated after a meal and promotes
cardiovascular health. The fiber in a cup of blueberries makes up 10 percent of
the recommended daily intake for men and 14 percent for women
(livestrong.com). Blueberries are also a source of vitamin C and K.
So if one little fruit can provide you with so many health benefits think of
what else is out there. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Harvard University has developed an
info-graphic to help guide you through what your plate should look like.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The next time you go to pull into that
convenient fast food drive thru or load you plate up with food remember; you
can load up on that now and pay your doctor later or grab a healthy snack and
spend that money on living your life. Your future is in your hands
whether it is good or bad starts with your choices.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.livestrong.com/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">www.livestrong.com</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.eatright.org/About/Content.aspx?id=6442476997"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">http://www.eatright.org/About/Content.aspx?id=6442476997</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
h<a href="http://www.health.harvard.edu/images/healthy-eating-plate-images/healthy-eating-plate.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">ttp://www.health.harvard.edu/images/healthy-eating-plate-images/healthy-eating-plate.pdf</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=faq&dbid=19"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=faq&dbid=19</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Questions that are asked by women everyday: "Should I be on birth control? Will birth control change me? How will the hormones affect me?" Most women who are sexually active will choose one or two forms of birth control to prevent any unwanted pregnancies, even out their hormones, or regulate their monthly cycles. Recently women have been reporting their increased risk for breast cancer due to the high doses of estrogen and formulas in their birth control pills. A link that has been contemplated before but never really proven until this research has come in. Basics about birth control are that you can't get pregnant and that the partners are going to be safe while sexually active. The function of birth control pills is not new to most people, but here is a quick refresher on how it reacts to the body.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Oral contraceptives (also known as The Pill, BC's, or BC Tabs) contains two types of hormones which are estrogen and progestin. When taking properly it prevents pregnancy by stopping a women's egg from fully developing each month, so that egg can no longer accept fertilization from a sperm. Oral contraceptives change the uterus lining just enough so that an egg will not stop in the uterus to develop. While a woman is on birth control, she can better know when that time is coming and plan around it before starting on a new set of her pills. Now today there are various forms of birth control that a woman can choose from and each one reacts with the body a little differently. Birth control pills however is what many women are finding out might be giving them an increased risk to breast cancer. A study was done with prescriptions and how the different levels of estrogen in those prescriptions reacted with the women taking them. Women taking pills with lower levels of estrogen did not increase their risk at all, but women taking elevated levels of estrogen increased their risk by 50%. To me that is a very scary thought and should send a message to all women to double check what they are taking in their birth control. Besides mood swings or body changes, oral contraceptives can be paired with cancer. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The American Cancer Society has been studying these levels and with more than 1,000 women in their study, with increased risk because the high-estrogen levels was "too much" man-made of the hormone. Even though the body naturally makes the two hormones included in oral contraceptives, having too high levels of them has been shown to increase that women's chance of breast cancer. The argument that keeps being brought up is if the pills are part of the problem or if the formula can develop cancer. Many over the counter prescriptions have problems and are constantly being scrutinized for causing health problems and cancer. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Any type of cancer is scary and is a very hard battle for that person. Birth control pills might not be the only source that creates cancer in a female but it is also a potential increased risk. Studies suggest that recently taking BC pills can increase a women's risk of breast cancer and that women who are on the high-estrogen pill can go up to 60% increased risk. As an overall process of going through the process of choosing a new birth control a women should be careful and talk with her doctor about the levels of estrogen that she will be taking on a daily basis to make sure that she does not increase her own chances. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><u>Sources</u>: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">*American Cancer Society</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">*Mayo Clinic- http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/estrogen-and-progestin-oral-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> contraceptives-oral-route/description/drg-20069422 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">*Science Daily- http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140801091210.htm</span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-6194923814791372852014-08-03T17:28:00.003-07:002014-08-03T17:32:56.183-07:00Does Lumosity Really Work?<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; line-height: 26px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> I am sure many of you have heard of the “brain training” app, Lumosity. In the commercial, they say top neurologists designed the program, and combined the features of social networks and brain training to allow your mind to function at its best. I have used the app and I would really like to know if it works like it says it does. There is much evidence for and against the app, so lets dive in a little deeper, and I’ll let you make your own conclusions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> First of all, what exactly is Lumosity? According to MDhealth.com, Lumosity is a website and/or app that allows you to track your progress while playing the games that supposedly improve your brain’s “flexibility, memory, problem solving, speed and attention.” Playing these games regularly is supposed to train your brain to function at it’s best.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Another question I’m sure many people ask is, how does Lumosity work? MDhealth and the commercial say that it is based on “neuroplasticity”. Now, what is neuroplasticity? It is how Lumosity challenges the brain like any other muscle to adapt to new ways of thinking. Many people think the brain stops growing at a certain point in life, but recent studies have proven that to be false; the brain is continuously growing and expanding if we give it the opportunity too. When you sign in to Lumosity, you are asked to create a profile. This profile will tell you what your strengths and weaknesses are, and then create a program specifically to you. MDhealth uses the example if going to the gym. You have to know what muscles to train and how best to train them. As in the gym, you have to use Lumosity regularly and increase the difficulty level over time to maintain that growth of the brain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> There have been many studies at the University of Michigan and Brown University that have concluded that using brain-training programs on the regular bases improved test scores and muscle memory. One thing to remember about these studies is that they were conducted in a conditioned environment; meaning individuals played the Lumosity games for hours every day for many months. Most working people would not have the kind of time to play games for hours. Also, there is no hard evidence that states Lumosity works better than any other brain-training game out there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> There are all kinds of positive effects of using a program like Lumosity: to keep your mind sharp, focused, and to improve your memory and speed. I believe any type of brain-training program is a good daily activity that more people should look into because it helps with your multitasking ability and helps you to think in new and different ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Abby McFarlin</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.md-health.com/Does-Lumosity-Work.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">MDhealth.com</span></a></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-73070281695682630092014-08-03T16:04:00.003-07:002014-08-03T16:08:50.296-07:00Stem cells from umbilical cord bloodWhile doing some independent research about stem cells I came across an <a href="http://www.philly.com/philly/health/20140803_Umbilical-cord_stem_cells_valuable__but_usually_wasted.html">article</a> which explained a new method for collecting them.<br />
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Once born, the infant no longer needs their umbilical cord and usually the cord is thrown away. However, the umbilical cord blood, which is blood that remains in the placenta and the cord after a baby is born, is being saved and used to collect viable stem cells. The blood from the umbilical cord is collected by using a syringe to remove the placenta through the umbilical cord once it has been removed from the newborn.<br />
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Stem cells that come from umbilical cord blood are fast becoming a vital resource in the medical field. It has been found that umbilical cord blood is rich in haematopoietic stem cells which are rare cells normally found in the bone marrow. Haematopoietic stem cells can make every type of cell in the blood – red cells, white cells and platelets. They are responsible for maintaining blood production throughout our lives. They have been used for many years in bone marrow transplants to treat blood diseases.<br />
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These stem cells can be used for transplants in patients who have leukemia, sickle cell anemia, and many other rare blood diseases. Although research has in this area is relatively new, researchers are extremely optimistic that these cells could possibly be used to treat heart disease, diabetes, cerebral palsy, autism and spinal cord damage in the near future.<br />
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Early studies have shown that umbilical cord blood stem cell transplants are less likely to be rejected than bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells. One theory that attempts to explain this states that the cells have not yet developed the features which can be recognized and attacked by immune system of the person receiving the transplant. Also, umbilical cord blood is lacking developed immune cells which means there is less chance that the transplanted cells will attack the recipient's body.<br />
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Researchers at Duke University are leading the way on this research and have begun a large clinical trial to determine whether cord blood cells can be used to treat autism. Another study by the university has claimed to have found evidence that regulatory T-cells from cord blood can prevent dangerous immune responses in people who are receiving organ transplants. If this is proven to be true, it could lead to the possibility of treating autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis.<br />
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Though research is being done, the scientific community is still split about the use of umbilical cord stem cells, and whether or not they are effective. The research that has been done is relatively new and more research needs to be done to either disprove or reinforce the theory about the benefits of these stem cells. I found it very fascinating though that a practical use has possibly been found for something that was once discarded as trash not so long ago.<br />
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http://www.philly.com/philly/health/20140803_Umbilical-cord_stem_cells_valuable__but_usually_wasted.html<br />
http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/cord-blood-stem-cells-current-uses-and-future-challenges<br />
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/sctoday/Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8550755814987664025.post-86917335263691536612014-08-02T20:17:00.005-07:002014-08-02T20:18:39.939-07:00"I'm just so OCD"<style>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We’ve all
heard the phrase (or at least something similar) “Sorry, I’m just OCD” said in
regular conversation. But what exactly is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)? Having
a brother with severe OCD has made me realize that the disorder is much more
than simply alphabetizing your DVD collection because it’s easier to find
things that way. OCD can affect a person’s life to varying degrees, the worst
of it preventing the individual from working or going about their daily life.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The history
of diagnosing and understanding OCD is long and detailed. According to the
Stanford school of medicine, OCD was originally thought in the seventeenth
century to be a form of “religious melancholy.” By 1838, Esquirol wrote in his
psychiatric textbook that OCD was a “form of monomania, or partial insanity.”
The scientists and doctors of the time went on like this until Sigmund Freud
developed the idea of Obsessive Compulsive Order being its own separate
disorder in the last part of the nineteenth century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, doctors are able to diagnose and treat
individuals that have OCD and help them cope with their obsessions.</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-29Zd7JGxJZA/U92peP-6qQI/AAAAAAAAAAU/3G6bGY02yDY/s1600/ocdcycle2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-29Zd7JGxJZA/U92peP-6qQI/AAAAAAAAAAU/3G6bGY02yDY/s1600/ocdcycle2.gif" height="183" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As of right
now, scientists do not know exactly what causes Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
Two possibilities right now are either that there may be a problem with two
parts of the brain communicating with each other, or a lack of the chemical
serotonin. One of the clearest causes the disorder is that it can be passed
down through families. Even though we do not currently know the main cause of
this disorder, there are some clear symptoms that help doctors diagnose their
patients. Some symptoms include obsessive ideas or thoughts, which are defined
as being unwanted and constant, and the compulsions, which are the actions that
are taken to appease the obsessive thoughts. A common example of this would be
a person who is obsessed with germs and cleanliness may spend much longer
washing their hands than most people, sometimes even doing it many times
throughout the day. Along with OCD, many patients may also develop eating
disorders, anxiety, or depression.</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--cwbVc9gCyc/U92pRL2CILI/AAAAAAAAAAM/y2_tf_n6yh0/s1600/washing_hands.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--cwbVc9gCyc/U92pRL2CILI/AAAAAAAAAAM/y2_tf_n6yh0/s1600/washing_hands.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are a
couple of different methods to treating this disorder. One of those is
psychotherapy, specifically cognitive behavior therapy. This helps the person
how to cope with their obsessions and how to avoid submitting to their thoughts
and compulsions. This and exposure and response prevention, another form of
psychotherapy, are both very effective in helping develop healthy coping skills
in patients with OCD. Medication is another alternative to psychotherapy. Most
doctors prescribe either a form of anti-anxiety medication or an
antidepressant. Neither method is proven to be more effective than the other;
it all depends on how the patient responds to the treatments. Some prefer the
medication, some prefer the psychotherapy, and others prefer a combination of
the two. </div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Remember:
OCD is a real, and many times seri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">ous, disorder. It is more than just
organizing your closet, or straightening a pencil on your desk. </span>People with Obsessive Compulsive Order do not
receive joy from their compulsions. It is something they feel they must do, and
at best will feel “brief relief from the anxiety the thoughts cause” (NIMH). If
you suspect that you may have OCD, which affects approximately 2.2 million
adult Americans, you can talk to your doctor about your symptoms. </div>
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Sources:</div>
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National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml</div>
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WebMD: http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/tc/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-topic-overview</div>
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Stanford School of Medicine: http://ocd.stanford.edu/treatment/history.html </div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com6